Dr. Md Fakhrul Islam

Profile Summary

Dr. Md. Fakhrul Islam earned his PhD and MSc in Materials Science at the University of Manchester in 1995 and 1991, respectively, supported by the prestigious UK Commonwealth Scholarship. Prior to that, he earned his MSc and BSc in Metallurgical Engineering from BUET in 1988 and 1986, receiving the Chancellor's Award for graduating First Class First in his undergraduate program.

Upon graduation, Dr. Fakhrul joined BUET's Department of Metallurgical Engineering as a lecturer in 1989, rising to the rank of full professor by 2005. Over the years, he has published over 100 research papers, contributing significantly to the field of materials science and engineering.

In 2010, Dr. Fakhrul founded BUET's Department of Glass and Ceramic Engineering (GCE), successfully convincing the government to secure the necessary funding. His foresight in materials science led to the department being renamed Nanomaterials and Ceramic Engineering (NCE) to align with the advancements of the 4th Industrial Revolution and the growing importance of nanotechnology. Over his career, Dr. Fakhrul also led two BUET departments—Materials and Metallurgical Engineering (MME) and NCE—for a combined 11 years, where he championed initiatives that enhanced research and infrastructure, demonstrating his excellence as both an educator and administrator.

During his time as a Research Scientist at IMEC in Belgium, Dr. Fakhrul conceived the idea of producing pure silicon in Bangladesh using locally sourced raw materials, understanding its pivotal role in semiconductor technology. With a $1 million grant from the World Bank, he established a ceramic fiber production lab at BUET's NCE department. Additionally, he is advancing research on silicon nanoparticles using a home-built microwave plasma reactor, laying the foundation for future semiconductor manufacturing in Bangladesh.

In 2020, amid the global Covid-19 pandemic, Dr. Fakhrul was appointed to lead the restoration of the Usmania Glass Sheet Factory after a fire severely damaged its furnaces and other equipment. Despite the risks posed by the pandemic, he and his team worked tirelessly for four months to bring the factory back to full operation. His leadership during this challenging time underscores his dedication to overcoming adversity and finding critical solutions when needed most.

Under Dr. Fakhrul's leadership, the Department of NCE has achieved remarkable milestones:

1. Secured Funding: Raised over BDT 35 crore from various government and private agencies to support research and development at BUET.
2. Established Advanced Lab Facilities: Set up a modern characterization and nano-synthesis laboratory to enhance research capabilities in nano and ceramic materials.
3. Fostered Industry Collaborations: Facilitated collaborative research to solve the problems of the industries, including Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation (BCIC), DBL Group, Shinepukur Ceramics, Anwar Cement Sheet Ltd., Anwar Ispat Ltd., and Nasir Glass.

Dr. Fakhrul's significant contributions to BUET, combined with his leadership, vision, and extensive knowledge in administration, have been instrumental in establishing a state-of-the-art research environment. His initiatives continue to strengthen BUET's position as a leading institution in engineering and technology.

Research Interest:
Multiferroics, ferroelectric materials, engineering and traditional ceramics, refractories, fabrication of microwave plasma reactor to produce nanoparticles and production of H2 fuel using nanoparticles photocatalyst.

Education:
Ph.D. (Materials Science), University of Manchester (UoM), UK, 1995
M. Sc. (Metallic and Ceramic Materials), University of Manchester, UK, 1991
M. Sc. Engineering (Metallurgical), Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, 1986
B. Sc. Engineering (Metallurgical), Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, 1986

Research Awards:
IBBL Bank - Refinement of locally available raw materials for ceramics industries (2002)
HEQEP- Ultra-light Weight Energy-saving Heat Insulating Ceramic Materials (2015-2018)
BRTC, BUET - Development of software to analyze microstructural imaged (Image Analyzer) (1996-97)

Professional Awards / Honours Received:

• Visiting Professor at the Microsystems Technology Laboratories, MIT, USA from 01/08/2019 to 06/08/2019.
• Visiting Professor under the staff mobility program at the University of Limerick, Ireland from 15/07/2019 to 31/07/2019.
• Received a scholarship as a Visiting Scholar at Katholieke University Leuven, Belgium, from 15/09/2002 to 15/11/2002. During this time, he worked as a research scientist at IMEC, Belgium
• Awarded the UK Commonwealth Scholarship (1990-1995) to pursue MSc and PhD degrees at UMIST, UK.
• Received" Chancellor's Award "for securing the First Class First position in the B. Sc. Engineering Examination.

Professional Work at National and International Levels:

• Served as an independent director of the Government owned Usmania Glass Sheet Factory for 6 years from 2015-2021.
• Worked as an Organizing Secretary of the 2nd International Conference on Structure, Processing and Properties of Materials (SPPM2004) organized by the Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, BUET, Dhaka, in association with TMS, The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, USA.
• Worked as a Research Scientist at IMEC, Belgium, where he worked on semiconductor technology and conceived the idea of pure silicon production in Bangladesh using locally available raw materials. Based on this he developed a ceramic fiber production lab.
• Worked as a consultant on a Pilot Plant project study on the Production of Bearing Materials at Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka.
• Worked as a team leader to solve the problems of different organizations like China-Bangla Ceramic Industries Ltd., Ball Bearing importers, Plastic industries and R. A. K. Ceramics Ltd., Nasir Glass Industries Limited and Bengal Glass Works Limited.
• Worked as a team leader of the main group to solve the problems of different organizations like Tiende Ceramics Company Ltd., Bangladesh Titas Gas, Bangladesh Railway, Shinepukur Ceramics Ltd.
• Worked as a team leader to minimize the percentage of rejection of insulation products of Bangladesh Insulation and Sanitary-ware Factory (BISF), Dhaka.
• Expert hands on Diffusion Bonding (DB) experiments. Did couple of hundred of DB experiments for Rolls-Royceplc, Bam olds wick, Lancashire, UK.
• Hands-on experience with TEM, SEM plus EDX, HIP auto clave, casting techniques, mechanical testing etc.
• Taken a project to find out possibility and feasibility of using locally available raw materials in the local ceramic and glass industries.

Selected Publications:

1. M.A.A. Bally, M.A.Islam, S.M.Hoque, R.Rashid, Md Fakhrul Islam, F.A. Khan “Magnetocaloric properties and analysis of the critical point exponents of Pr0.55CaxSr0.45-xMnO3 (x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2) at PM-FM phase transition”, Elsever, Volume 28, September, 2021.
2. A. Momin, Roksana Parvin, M. Shahjahan, Md. Fakhrul Islam, Hidekazu Tanaka, A. K. M. Akther Hossain, “Interplay between the ferrimagnetic and ferroelectric phases on the large magnetoelectric coupling of xLi0.1Ni0.2Mn0.6Fe2.1O4–(1−x)Bi0.8Dy0.2FeO3 composites”, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics (Springer), 31(1), 511–525, 2020.
3. A. A. Momin, M. A. Zubair, Md. Fakhrul Islam, A. K. M. Akther Hossain “Enhance magnetoelectric coupling in xLi0.1Ni0.2Mn0.6Fe2.1O4–(1 − x)BiFeO3 multiferroic composites” Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, vol. 30, pages13033–13046, 2019 (Springer).
4. T. Morshed, E. Ul Haq, C. Silien, S. A. M. Tofail, M. A. Zubair, M. F. Islam, “Current-voltage characteristics of phase boundaries PVDF-TrFE (70/30)/PANI nanocomposite”, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 27(5), 1428-1432, 2020.
5. M. M. Mahmud, S. Zaman, A. Perveen, R. A. Jahan, M. F. Islam, M. T. Arafat, “Controlled release of curcumin from electrospun fiber mats with antibacterial activity”, Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 55, 101386, 2020.
6. M. M. Rhaman, M. A. Matin, M. N. Hossain, M. N. I. Khan, M. A. Hakim, M. F. Islam, “Ferromagnetic, electric, and ferroelectric properties of samarium and cobalt co-doped bismuth ferrite nanoparticles”, Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids (Elsevier), 147, 109607, 2020.
7. M. M. Rhaman, M. A. Matin, M. A. Al Mamun, A. Hussain, M. N. Hossain, B. C. Das, M. A. Hakim, M. F. Islam, “Enhanced electrical conductivity and multiferroic property of cobalt-doped bismuth ferrite nanoparticles”, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics (Springer), 31(11), pp.8727-8736, 2020
8. M. A. Matin, M. N. Hossain, M. M. Islam, M. A. Hakim, M. F. Islam, “Optical and Ferroelectric Properties of Bi0.95Gd0.05Fe1−xCrxO3”, Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials (Springer), 21, 5, 2020.
9. M. A. Matin, M. M. Rhaman, M. A. Hakim, and M. F. Islam, “Bi(1-y)SmyFeO3 as prospective photovoltaic materials”, Bulletin of Materials Science (Springer), 43, 2, 2020.
10. M. Rhaman, M. A. Matin, M. A. Hakim, M. N. Hossain, M. F. Islam, B. C. Das, "Enhanced Electric Conductivity and Multiferroic Property of Cobalt Doped Bismuth Ferrite Nanoparticles", Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics (Springer), 31, 8727, 2020.
11. M. A Zubair, A. A. Mamun, K. McNamara, S. A. M. Tofail, F. Islam, V. A. Lebedev, “Amorphous Interface Oxide formed due to high amount of Sm doping (5-20 mol%) stabilizes finer size anatase and lowers indirect band gap”, Applied Surface Science (Elsevier), 529, 146967, 1-11, 2020.
12. M.J. Islam, M.R. Alam, M.R. Islam, M. Hasanuzzaman, “Evaluation of commonly used aggregates for sustainable infrastructure development in Bangladesh”, Int. J. Geomate, 18, 66, 98-104, 2020.
13. Sapan Kumar Sen, Tapash Chandra Paul, Supria Dutta, MA Matin, MF Islam, MA Hakim, “Effect of gamma (γ-) irradiation on the structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties of spray pyrolysis-deposited h-MoO3 thin films” Surfaces and Interfaces (Wiley), 17, 2020.
14. A. A. Momin, M. A. Zubair, Md. Fakhrul Islam, A. K. M. Akther Hossain “Enhance magnetoelectric coupling in xLi0.1Ni0.2Mn0.6Fe2.1O4–(1 − x)BiFeO3 multiferroic composites” Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, vol. 30, pages13033–13046, 2019 (Springer).
15. Rhaman, M.M., Matin, M.A., Hossain, M.N., Mozahid, F.A., Hakim, M.A. and Islam, M.F., Bandgap engineering of cobalt-doped bismuth ferrite nanoparticles for photovoltaic applications. Bulletin of Materials Science, 2019, 42(4), p.190.
16. Matin, M.A., Hossain, M.N., Ali, M.A., Hakim, M.A. and Islam, M.F., Enhanced dielectric properties of prospective Bi0. 85Gd0. 15Fe1− xCrxO3 multiferroics. Results in Physics, 2019, Vol. 12, pp.1653-1659.
17. Matin, M.A., Hossain, M.N., Hakim, M.A. and Islam, M.F, Effects of Gd and Cr co-doping on structural and magnetic properties of BiFeO3 nanoparticles. Materials Research Express, 2019, Vol. 6(5), p.055038.
18. Al Mamun, M.A., Noor, M., Ullah, A.A., Hossain, M.S., Abdul, M., Islam, F. and Hakim, M.A, Effect of CePO4 on structural, magnetic and optical properties of ceria nanoparticles. Materials Research Express, 2019, Vol. 6(1), p.016102.
19. M. A. Zubair, M. T. Chowdhury, M. S. Bashar, M. A. Sami, M. F. Islam, “Thickness dependent correlation between structural and optical properties of textured CdSe thin film”, AIP Advances, Vol. 9(4), Article No. 045123, pp. 1-15, 2019 (American institute of physics); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.509659.
20. Chowdhury, M.T., Zubair, M. A., Takeda, H., Hussain, K.M.A. and Islam, M.F., Optical and structural characterization of ZnSe thin film fabricated by thermal vapour deposition technique. AIMS MATERIALS SCIENCE, 2017, vol. 4(5), pp.1095-1121.
21. Chowdhury, S. S., Kamal, A. H. M., Hossain, R., Hasan, M., Islam, M. F., Ahmmad, B. and Basith, M. A., “Dy doped BiFeO3: A Bulk Ceramic with Improved Multiferroic Properties Compared to Nano Counterparts”, Ceramic International, 2017.
22. Islam, M.R., Galib, R.H., Sharif, A., Rizvi, M.H., Zubair, M.A. and Islam, M.F., “Correlation of charge defects and morphology with magnetic and electrical properties of Sr and Ta codoped BiFeO 3”, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 688(A), pp 1186-1194 (2016).
23. Hasan, M., Islam, M.F., Mahbub, R., Hossain, M.S. and Hakim, M.A., “A soft chemical route to the synthesis of BiFeO3 nanoparticles with enhanced magnetization”, Materials Research Bulletin, 73, pp.179-186 (2016).
24. Mazumdar, S.C., Khan, M.N.I., Islam, M.F. and Hossain, A.A., “Tuning of magnetoelectric coupling in (1− y) Bi 0.8 Dy 0.2 FeO 3–yNi 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 multiferroic composites”, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 401, pp.443-454(2016).
25. Hasan, M., Basith, M.A., Zubair, M.A., Hossain, M.S., Mahbub, R., Hakim, M.A. and Islam, M.F., “Saturation magnetization and band gap tuning in BiFeO3 nanoparticles via co-substitution of Gd and Mn”, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 687, pp.701-706(2016).
26. Hasan, M., Hakim, M.A., Basith, M.A., Hossain, M.S., Ahmmad, B., Zubair, M.A., Hussain, A. and Islam, M.F.,“Size dependent magnetic and electrical properties of Ba-doped nanocrystalline BiFeO3”, AIP Advances, 6(3), p.035314(2016).
27. Mazumdar, S.C., Khan, M.N.I., Islam, M.F. and Hossain, A.A., “Enhanced multiferroic properties in (1–y) BiFeO 3–yNi 0.50 Cu 0.05 Zn 0.45 Fe 2 O 4 composites”, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 390, pp.61-69(2015).
28. Hasan, M., Islam, M.F. “Enhancement of Magnetic Properties of Nanocrystalline BiFeO3 Synthesized by a Facile Sol-Gel Auto-Combustion Process”, International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Nano Technology, Vol. 2, No. 8 (2015).
29. Hussain, A., Matin, M.A. and Islam, M.F. “Fabrication and Characterization of Dielectric Properties of BaTiO3/Ni0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4 Multiphase Multiferroic”, International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Nano Technology, 2(12), pp.11-14 (2015).
30. Mahbub, R., Fakhrul, T., Islam, M.F., Hasan, M., Hussain, A., Matin, M.A. and Hakim, M.A., “Structural, Dielectric, and Magnetic Properties of Ba-Doped Multiferroic Bismuth Ferrite”, Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 28(8), pp.958-964(2015).
31. Mahbub, R., Islam, M.F., “Sintering behavior and microstructure development of Ba2+ doped BiFeO3”, International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, Vol. 3, pp: 97-102 (2014).
32. Islam, M.F., Rizvi, M.H., Khan, T.A. and Hasanuzzaman, M., “Development of Ceramic Candle Filters by Slip Casting Process”, Key Engineering Materials (Vol. 608, pp. 85-90). Trans Tech Publications (2014).
33. R. Islam, M. A. Matin, R. Mahbub, M. A. Hakim, M. F. Islam “Novel Smart Ferroelectric Functional Material for Application in Transducers”, in the proceedings of 16th Electronics Packaging Technology Conference, (EPTC’ Dec-2014 by IEEE), Singapore.
34. Rubayyat Mahbub, Md. Fakhrul Islam “Sintering behavior and microstructure development of Ba2+ doped BiFeO3”, Int. Jrnl. of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 2014, Vol. 3, 97-102.
35. Md. Fakhrul Islam, Rubayyat Mahbub, Adnan Mousharraf “Effect of sintering parameters and Ta2O5 doping on the microstructure and dielectric properties of BaTiO3 based ceramics”, in the proceedings of International Conference on Traditional and Advanced Ceramics, Bangkok, Thailand, 2013.
36. Md. Fakhrul Islam, M.H. Rizvi, T.A. Khan, M. Hasanuzzaman “Development of Ceramic Candle Filters by Slip Casting Process”, in the proceedings of International Conference on Traditional and Advanced Ceramics, Bangkok, Thailand, 2013.
37. Adnan Mousharraf and Md. Fakhrul Islam “Effect of Ta2O5 doping on the microstructure and dielectric properties of BaTiO3 based ceramics”, International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 7, page- 840-849, January-June 2013.
38. Rubayyat Mahbub, Md. Sazzad Hossain, Md. FakhrulIsalam “Structural Characteristics and Dielectric Properties of Tantalum Oxide Doped BaTiO3 Based Materials”, Materials Engineering - Materiálovéinžinierstvo Journal, 2013, Vol. 20, 45-54.
39. Shahida Akhter, D. P. Paul, M. A. Hakim, S. Akhter, D. K. Saha, B. Anjuman, and F. Islam, “Microstructure and Complex Permeability Spectra of Polycrystalline Cu-Zn Ferrites”, Journal of Scientific Research, 4 (3), 551-560 (2012).
40. Rubayyat Mahbub, Takian Fakhrul, Md. Fakhrul Islam “Enhanced Dielectric Properties of Tantalum Oxide Doped Barium Titanate Based Ceramic Materials”, in the proceedings of 5th BSME international conference on thermal engineering, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2012.
41. Adnan Mousharraf, Md. Sazzadhossain and Md. Fakhrul Islam “Potential of local clay as raw material for ceramic industries” Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB, Vol. ChE. 26, No. 1, December 2011.
42. Md. Muktadir Billah, Adnan Mousharraf and Md. Fakhrul Islam “The effect of sintering time on the densification of pure nano-crystalline BaTiO3” International Conference on Mechanical Engineering, ICME 11-RT-026, (ICME 2011).
43. Adnan Mousahrraf, Aninda Nafis Ahmed and Md. Fakhrul Islam “Effect of calcination and sintering parameters on the formation and microstructure of Ba(Zn1/3Ta2/3)O3 (BZT)” Third international conference on chemical engineering, EA093, (ICChE-2011).
44. Islam Rashed, Y. Chan and Islam, M.F. "Structure-property relationship in high-tension ceramic insulator fired at high temperature" Materials Science &Engineering B, accepted 2 September 2003, article in press.
45. Hoque, S.M., Choudhury, M.A. and Islam, M.F. "Characterization of Ni-Cu mixed spinel ferrite" Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 2002, Vol. 251, 292-303.
46. Hoque, S.M., Choudhury, M.A. and Islam, M.F. "Density and grain size dependant magnetic and electrical properties of NiO.8CuO.2Fel.904." Submitted in Journal of Nuclear Science and Application on 9th April, 2003.
47. Islam M.F. and Ridley, N. 'Diffusion welding of microduplex stainless steel' Scripta Mat., 1998, Vol. 38(8),1187-1193.
48. Islam, M. F., Pilling, J. and Ridley, N 'Effect of surface finish and sheet thickness on isostatic diffusion bonding of super plastic Ti-6AI-4V' Mat.Sci. Tech., December 1997, Vol. 13, 1045-1050.
49. Islam, M.F., and Ridley, N. 'Characterization of diffusion bonds formed between Ti-6AI-4Vand Titanium Aluminide Super Alpha-Z.' Mat.Sci. Tech., August 1996, Vol. 12,623-627.
50. Pilling, J., Ridley, N., and Islam, M.F. 'On the modelling of isostatic diffusion bonding in materials: Super plastic Super Alpha-2' Mat.Sci. Eng., 1996, A 205, 72-78.
51. Ridley, N. and Islam, M.F. 'Isostatic diffusion bonding of microduplex alloys' Hot Isostatic Pressing'93, ed. Delaey, L. and Tas, H., Elsevier Science RV., (1994), 325-332).
52. Ridley, N., Islam, M.F. and Pilling, J. 'Superplasticity and diffusion bonding of microduplex Super Alpha-2' Structural Intermetallics, ed. Darolia, R., Lewandowski, J.J., Liu , C.T. et al., TMS, Warrendale PA, (1993), 63-68.
53. Ridley, N., Islam, M.F. and Pilling, J. 'Isostatic diffusion bonding studies on superplastic Ti-6AI-4V and Super Alpha-2 intermetallic alloy'. Titanium'92 - Science and technology, ed. Froes, F. H. and Caplan, I.L., TMS, 2, (1993), 1625-1632.
54. Islam, M.F. and Haque, M.M. 'Structure and properties of centrifugally cas a-Brass' Mech. Engg. Res., Vol. 12, 1989, 31-36.
55. T Chowdhury, Md. Fakhrul Islam, A Panupat, N Vaneesorn and A Thanaboonsombut "Characterisation of Local clays for High Tension Ceramic Insulators" Proc. of The 2nd International Conference on Structure, Processing and Properties of Materials, SPPM2004, 25-27 February 2004, Dhaka, Bangladesh, pp. 534-541.
56. S. M. Hoque, M. A. Choudhury, M. A. Hakim and M. F. Islam "Density and grain size dependant magnetic and electrical properties of Nio.8Cuo.2 COo.o2FeI.904' " Proc. of The 2nd International Conference on Structure, Processing and Properties of Materials, SPPM2004, 25-27 February 2004, Dhaka, Bangladesh, pp. 705-712.
57. Md. Mahabubar Rahman Shaha, Mominul Huq and Md. Fakhrul Islam "Study of Colossal Magnetoresistive Properties in Layered Magnetite (La2_ xBx)BaMn207(OsXsO.5) " Proc. of The 2nd International Conference on Structure, Processing and Properties of Materials, SPPM2004, 25-27 February 2004, Dhaka, Bangladesh, pp. 721-728
58. Islam, M.F. and Alam, M.O. 'Interface Characterization of Isostatic Diffusion Welding between Dissimilar Titanium Alloys' Titanium - Extraction and Processing, eds. Mishra, B. and Kipouros, G.J., TMS, Warrendale PA, (1997), 175-186.
59. Haseeb, A.S.M.A., Islam, M.F., Alam, M.O. and Tofail, S.A.M. 'Surface Hardening Behaviour of Titanium Alloys in Carburization' Titanium-Extraction and Processfing, eds. Mishra, B. and Kipourous, G.J., TMS Warrendale P A, (1997), 163-173.
60. Alam, M.O., Islam, M.F. and Helali, M.M 'Diffusion Welding of Ti-3al-2. 5 V by Hiping' Proc. International Conference on Structure, Processing and Properties of Materials, SPPM'97, 15-17 November, 1997, Dhaka, Bangladesh, B53-61.
61. Tofail, S.A.M. and flslam, M.F. 'Alumina fibre: Formation in Jutje substrate' Proc. 3rd. Annual Paper Meet, Mechanical Engineering Division, Institution of Engineers', Bangladesh, Chittagong, 1996,22-27.
62. Alam, M.O. and Islam, M.F. 'Study on isostatic diffusion welded samples of dissimilar titanium alloys' Proc. 3rd. Annual Paper Meet, Mechanical Engineering Division, Institution of Engineers', Bangladesh, Chittagong, 1996,330-337.
63. Islam, M.F. and Haque M.M,. 'Effect of process variables on structure and properties of centrifugally cast Brass and Aluminium' Proc. and. Annual Paper Meet. Mechanical Engineering Division, Institution of Engineers', Bangladesh, 20-23 September 1995, Rajshahi, 35-41.
64. Islam, M.F. 'Diffusion bonding of super plastic Titanium Aluminide' Proc. 2nd Annual Paper Meet. Mechanical Engineering Division, Institution of Engineers', Bangladesh, 20-23 September 1995, Rajshahi, 194-204.